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阅读下面的文言文，完成各题。 书魏郑公传后曾巩 余观太宗常屈己以从群臣之议，而魏郑公之徒，喜遭其时，感知己之遇，事之大小，无不谏诤，虽其忠诚所自至，亦得君以然也。则思唐之所以治，太宗之所以称贤主，而前世之君不及者，其渊源皆出于此也。能知其有此者，以其书存也。及观郑公以谏诤事付史官，而太宗怒之，薄其恩礼，失终始之义，则未尝不反复嗟惜，，恨其不思，而益知郑公之贤焉。夫君之使臣与臣之事君者何？大公至正之道而已矣。大公至正之道非灭人言以掩己过取小亮①以私其君此其不可者也又有甚不可者夫以谏诤为当掩是以谏诤为非美也则后世谁复当谏诤乎？况前代之君有纳谏之美，而后世不见，则非唯失一时之公，又将使后世之君，谓前代无谏诤之事，是启其怠且忌矣。太宗末年，群下既知此意而不言，渐不知天下之得失，至于辽东之败，而始恨郑公不在世，未尝知其悔之萌芽出于此也。夫伊尹、周公何如人也？伊尹、周公之切谏其君者，其言至深，而其事至迫也。存之于书，未尝掩焉。至今称太甲、成王为贤君，而伊尹、周公为良相者，以其书可见也。令当时削而弃之，成区区之小让，则后世何所据依而谏，又何以知其贤且良欤？桀、纣、幽、厉、始皇之亡，则其臣之谏词无见焉。非其史之遗，乃天下不敢言而然也。则谏诤之无传，乃此数君之所以益暴其恶于后世而已矣。或曰：“《春秋》之法，为尊、亲、贤者讳。与此戾也。”夫《春秋》之所以讳者，恶也，纳谏岂恶乎？“然则焚稿者非欤？”曰：焚稿者谁欤？非伊尹、周公为之也，近世取区区之小亮者为之耳，其事又未是也。何则？以焚其稿为掩君之过，而使后世传之，则是使后世不见稿之是非，而必②其过常在于君，美常在于己也，岂爱其君之谓欤？噫！以诚信持己而事其君，而不欺乎万世者，郑公也。（选自《宋文鉴》，（有删节）注解）①亮：同“谅”，诚信。②必：断定。

Spider webs are one of the most fascinating examples of animal architecture. The most beautiful and structurally ordered are the round webs. The main function of the web is to stop and hold flying insects， long enough for the spider to catch them. In order to do so，the threads of the web have to stand the forces from large and heavy insects as well as environmental forces from wind and rain for at least a day in most cases. The round web is found to have two main characteristics. The first is its geometry，which consists of an outer frame and a central part from which threads radiate outward. Enclosed in the frame are capture spirals winding round and round from the web center out to the frame. The whole web is in tension and held in place by anchor threads，which connect the frame to the surrounding plants or objects. The second and perhaps most important characteristic is the material with which it is built. Spider silk is a kind of natural material that gives this lightweight fiber a strength comparable to that of steel， while at the same time making it very elastic（有弹性的）. Two types of silk threads are used in the web. One is highly elastic and can stretch to almost twice its original length before breaking and， for most types of spiders，is covered in glue. This type is used in the capture spiral for catching and holding insects. The other is stiffer and stronger，and is used for the radius，frames and anchor threads，which allows the web to stand forces and to keep its structural strength through a wide range of environmental conditions.